Teh Hong Piow Leadership

Section C Public Bank 1a) Portfolio Performance Holding Period Return HPR =Ending Price-Beginning PriceBeginning Price+Cash Dividend ? 100% =RM15. 50-RM 15. 32RM 15. 32+0 ? 100% =1. 17% b) Market Performance Market Performance MP =Ending Index-Beginning IndexBeginning Index? 100% =1669. 40-1654. 041654. 04? 100% =0. 927% Axiata Group 1a) Portfolio Performance Holding Period Return HPR =Ending Price-Beginning PriceBeginning Price+Cash Dividend ? 100% =RM6. 00-RM 5. 83RM 5. 83+0 ? 100% =2. 92% b) Market Performance Market Performance MP =Ending Index-Beginning IndexBeginning Index? 100% =1669. 0-1654. 041654. 04? 100% =0. 927% Nestle (M) Bhd 1a) Portfolio Performance Holding Period Return HPR =Ending Price-Beginning PriceBeginning Price+Cash Dividend ? 100% =RM63. 10-RM 59. 00RM 59. 00+0 ? 100% =6. 95% b) Market Performance Market Performance MP =Ending Index-Beginning IndexBeginning Index? 100% =1669. 40-1654. 041654. 04? 100% =0. 927% Section D Public Bank a) The portfolio performanc e of Public Bank is better as compared to the market performance. The HPR of Pubic Bank is higher than the marker performance, which is 1. 17% as compared to market performance which is only 0. 927%. b) ) Public Bank is a well reputed and well-known company for its prudent management, excellence services, strong profitability, strong corporate culture and corporate governance. It is currently a leading provider of financial services in Malaysia. It also provides bank operations in Hong Kong, Combodia, Vietnam, Laos and Sri Lanka. Public Bank had performed well in the market share in year 2011. The overall ratio in the market share in year 2011 is higher than the year 2010. According to the sustainability profit growth of Public bank, it has stronger performance in year 2011 than in year 2010.Moreover, the net income of Public Bank Group had increased by 8. 3% from RM6,838. 5 million in 2010 to RM7,408. 6 million in 2011. In addition, it has a steady asset growth from year 2010 to 20 11. Its financial report encouraged us to invest in the company as it has a steady growth and lower risk. During the subsequent to the financial year end, which is on 30th January 2012, directors of Public Bank had declared a second interim single tier dividend of 28%, with the amount of RM980,596,036 in the current year. According to the key statistic of Public Bank in dividend growth, it grown 0. 3% in 5 years. It gives confidence to us for investing in this company for its stable growth in the economic. Source: Annual Report (2011). Public Bank. Retrieved from http://announcements. bursamalaysia. com/EDMS/subweb. nsf/7f04516f8098680348256c6f0017a6bf/bd33262bdcaa8fc1482579ad00116c90/$FILE/PBBANK-FinancialStatements%20(971MB). pdf Source: Annual Report (2011). Public Bank. Retrieved from http://announcements. bursamalaysia. com/EDMS/subweb. nsf/7f04516f8098680348256c6f0017a6bf/bd33262bdcaa8fc1482579ad00116c90/$FILE/PBBANK-FinancialStatements%20(971MB). pdf Source: The Star Online ( 2013).Public Bank Bhd. Retrieved on 8th January 2013 from http://biz. thestar. com. my/marketwatch/charts/l. asp? code=1295~PBBANK&p1=16. 18&p2=16. 16&p3=16. 22&p4=16. 1&p5=16. 18&p6=0&p7=0. 00&p8=46667&p9=14. 545 Axiata Group a) The portfolio performance of Axiata Group is relatively in good performance as compared to the market performance. The HPR of Axiata Group is 2. 92%, which is higher than the Market Performance of only 0. 927%. b) c) Axiata Group Berhad is an investment holding company which provides communication and consultancy services.It offers mobile telecommunication, interconnect, television transmission and other services. It also dealing of marketable securities, trading and distribution of communication devices and its related products. According to the details, it was founded in 1992 and as on 23rd May 2012, the company has approximately 190 million mobile subscribers in Asia. According to the financial results of Axiata Group Bhd in the last four years, which is from year 2007 to 2011, the revenue of the company grew to the tune of 60%. Their profits almost doubled for these four years.The company had a very good performance which attracted us to invest in the company. On the other hand, the cash position of the company had increased from RM6. 3 billion to RM6. 6 billion and the ROIC improved from 11. 8% to 12. 2%. Moreover, the diversification of the company grown with further progress with 56% of revenue generated outside of the Malaysia. According to the Axiata Group Bhd annual report 2011, the Group’s total subscriber base expanded to around 200 million, increase 25% from a year ago and growing an average of 3. 3 million per month.These made the Group one of the largest telecommunications companies in the region. The Group shows a positive data trends and performance throughout the countries in Malaysia and overseas. This gives us greater confidence in investing in the company, which given us lower risk to invest. According to t he performance highlight in the past four year of the Group, which is from 2008 to 2011, the graph relatively shows increasing in the operating revenue, EBITDA, PAT, NORMALISED PATAMI, POIC and SUBSCRIBERS. It shows that the company has reater performance in year 2011, and we believe that the company will show strong performance in year 2012, and hence, we decided to invest in the company. Source: Annual Report(2011). Axiata Group Bhd. Retrieved on 8th January 2013 from http://axiata. listedcompany. com/misc/ar2011. pdf Nestle (M) Bhd a) The Portfolio Performance of Nestle (M) Bhd is performing well as compared to the Market Performance. The HPR of the Nestle (M) Bhd is 6. 95%, as compared to the Market Performance of only 0. 927%. It is relatively having high performance in the market. b) ) Nestle Malaysia Bhd is a leading Food, Nutrition, Health and Wellness Company in the region. It grown to be the world’s largest good company which offering more than 8,500 brands and 10,0 00 products. It also has more than 456 factories over 80 countries and more than 283,000 employees. Nestle Malaysia Bhd has encountered turnover of RM1. 16 billion in Quarter 1 in 2012, which is 8. 5% higher than the previous corresponding period. In the first quarter of 2012, Nestle Malaysia Bhd had good growth performance in both domestic and export sales. It also has increased profit before tax of RM206. million and profit after tax of RM158. 1 million which grew by 8. 2% and 7. 4% respectively compared to the previous period. Moreover, despite exports its products across the globes; the Group has successfully exports more than half of its products to ASEAN region. The stable performance of the company attracted us to invest in the company although the price is high. In addition, the company also introduced new products to the market, which these products will directly affect the strong demand of the domestic and hence affect the economic performance of the company.Moreover, the sustained economic growth of overseas countries, encouraged the performance of export sales, and increased the sales of 18% to inter-market customers. It is relatively a trusted brand to the Malaysian, where it is well-known of its healthy nutrition drinks. On the other hand, Nestle (M) Bhd also launched the Nestle Project Rilead in October 2011, where it aims to create a landscape for people, nature and agriculture can co-exist harmoniously in their need for water. This project will give an initiative of seeing the reforestation of the land. This relatively giving us good image on the

Bilingualism affects childrens language and cognitive development

The possibility that early bilingualism affects kids ‘s linguistic communication and cognitive development has long been a concern for parents and pedagogues. In the first half of the twentieth century, the predominating position was that bilingualism and second-language acquisition early in life made kids baffled and interfered with their ability to develop normal cognitive functions1 and win in educational environments.2 These thoughts were dramatically reversed in a landmark survey by Peal and Lambert3 that showed a general high quality of bilinguals over monolinguals in a broad scope of intelligence trials and facets of school accomplishment. Recent research has been more balanced, placing countries in which bilingual kids excel and others in which bilingualism has no consequence on their development. The inquiry sing the possible impact of bilingualism on kids ‘s development has ever been of import, but has progressively emerged as a important concern for modern societies and for Canada in peculiar. In add-on to the official committedness to a national policy of second-language acquisition and bilingualism, in-migration has transformed Canada into a rich multilingual and multicultural state. Public schools, particularly in major urban Centres, are home to big Numberss of kids for whom English or French is a 2nd linguistic communication. These kids represent an tremendous assortment of place linguistic communications and frequently constitute the bulk of kids in a individual schoolroom. Therefore, it is imperative that we understand the impact of these linguistic communication backgrounds on kids ‘s cognitive and educational hereafters. Information about the linguistic communication, cognitive and educational development of kids with varied linguistic communication backgrounds is indispensable to construe the public presentation of these kids in school and measure their development. For illustration, kids with limited proficiency in the linguistic communication of schooling are certain to see increased trouble in get bying both academically and socially, and it is of import to place these troubles in order to understand what intercession or remedial attacks are needed. The research is typically conducted in schoolrooms, frequently settings incorporating both multilingual and monolingual kids. The context in which the bilingualism or 2nd linguistic communication occurs is of import, even though it is non ever included as a formal facet of research probe. There is grounds that whether the kid ‘s place linguistic communication is in a bulk or minority state of affairs, is valued in the community and is used as a medium for literacy undertakings affects the kid ‘s lingual and cognitive outcomes.4 Therefore, the deductions of the kid ‘s linguistic communication experience should ideally be examined with careful attending to the societal and lingual factors that describe the kid ‘s societal and educational environment. The of import issues concern the cognitive and educational results for bilingual kids. First, it is necessary to set up whether linguistic communication acquisition returns at the same rate and in the same mode for kids who are larning two linguistic communications at the same time or are larning a 2nd linguistic communication after holding begun to get the hang one. Second, are kids able to get literacy accomplishments at school if they are either bilingual or larning a 2nd linguistic communication, particularly if their place linguistic communication is non the linguistic communication of direction? Finally, are at that place effects on normal cognitive development in footings of the kid ‘s ability to get new constructs or execute assorted computations ( e.g. arithmetic ) , particularly if school direction is in the kid ‘s weaker linguistic communication? There are three chief outcomes from this research. First, for general linguistic communication proficiency, bilingual kids tend to hold a smaller vocabulary in each linguistic communication than monolingual kids in their language.5 However, their apprehension of lingual construction, called metalinguistic consciousness, and is at least as good6 and frequently better7 than that of comparable monolinguals. Second, the acquisition of literacy accomplishments in these kids depends on the relationship between the two languages8 and the degree of proficiency in the 2nd language.9 Specifically, kids larning to read in two linguistic communications that portion a authorship system ( e.g. English and Gallic ) show accelerated advancement in larning to read ; kids whose two linguistic communications are written in different systems ( e.g. English and Chinese ) show no particular advantage, but neither do they show any shortage relation to monolinguals. The benefit of larning to read in two lin guistic communications, nevertheless, requires that kids be bilingual and non second-language scholars whose competency in one of the linguistic communications is weak. Third, bilingual kids between four and eight old ages old demonstrate a big advantage over comparable monolinguals in work outing jobs that require commanding attending to specific facets of a show and suppressing attending to deceptive facets that are outstanding but associated with an wrong response. This advantage is non confined to linguistic communication processing, but includes a assortment of non-verbal undertakings that require controlled attending and selectivity in such jobs as organizing conceptual classs, 10 seeing alternate images in ambitious figures, 11 and understanding the difference between the visual aspect and functional world of a deceptive object.12 The consequences of these surveies demonstrate that childhood bilingualism is a important experience that has the power to act upon the class and efficiency of kids ‘s development. The most surprising result is that these influences are non confined to the lingual sphere, where such influence would be expected, but extend every bit good to non-verbal cognitive abilities. In most instances, the kid ‘s grade of engagement with a 2nd linguistic communication, defined as the difference between bilingualism and second-language acquisition, is an of import variable that determines both the grade and type of influence that is found. Three forms of influence were noted in these surveies. One result is that bilingualism makes no difference, and monolingual and bilingual kids develop in the same manner and at the same rate. This was found for cognitive jobs such as memory- span development and linguistic communication jobs such as phonological consciousness. The 2nd is that bilingu alism disadvantages kids in some manner. The primary illustration of this is in the development of vocabulary in each linguistic communication. The 3rd form, and the most prevailing in our surveies, is that bilingualism is a positive force that enhances kids ‘s cognitive and lingual development, bettering entree to literacy if the two composing systems correspond and development of general executive procedures for all bilingual kids work outing a broad scope of non-verbal jobs necessitating attending and control. These executive control abilities are at the Centre of intelligent idea. Parents are frequently concerned that utilizing a non-community linguistic communication as the linguistic communication of their place will disfavor their kids. This plan of research provides solid grounds that the overpowering consequence of bilingualism in the place is positive. The disadvantages are comparatively minor and easy get the better of. The deductions for schooling are more complex. Children ‘s success in school is strongly dependent on their proficiency in the linguistic communication of direction, a relationship that holds for of import lingual activities ( e.g. larning to read ) , non-verbal computational topics ( e.g. mathematics ) , and content-based course of study ( e.g. societal surveies ) . In all these instances, kids must be skilled in the signifiers and significances of the school linguistic communication and be competent readers of that linguistic communication. Bilingual kids may non be at the same degree as their monolingual equals, and second-langu age scholars for whom English or French is non their place linguistic communication may hold non built up equal accomplishments in the instructional linguistic communication to win in schools. The grounds for the overpowering positive benefit of bilingualism, together with grounds that bilingual kids are non cognitively handicapped, indicates an of import function for schools in supplying a agency for these kids to construct up their linguistic communication accomplishments in the school linguistic communication so that they can be full participants in the schoolroom and harvest the most positive benefit from their educational experience.

ETHICAL PERSPECTIVE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

ETHICAL PERSPECTIVE - Essay Example It becomes imperative to understand the prospective alliance and build an atmosphere of consensus and co-operation between the members to avoid obstacles in the progress. Obstacles may crop up due to racial discrimination, cultural bias, stereotype approach, abilities, orientation, sexual assaults, harassment, communication abilities, accent, grammar, spoken skills, language command, presentations, self-presentation, outgoing temperament, sincerity, dedication for work, knowledge, outlook, understanding and beliefs which could impede team work to convene the common objective(s). These obstacles could be surmounted through excellent leadership and coalition. Essentially, diversification in culture could turn out to be a boon, as understanding for the culture paves the way for venturing into the new communities and thereby expanding the global network and domain. It could turn out to be highly advantageous if dealt appropriately. Present epoch witnesses it as the need of the time and organizations start speculating to hire people belonging to different cultures. A feeling of humane is essential to overcome the obstacles, moreover, psychological dealing s and analysis could take the organizations far beyond their set objectives and could potentially bring

Keystone XL Pipeline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Keystone XL Pipeline - Essay Example Despite the probable environmental impact it acts as the best safe alternative for shipping oil sands crude. Apart from its probable impact on the environment, the project bears major impact on the economy thereby making it a subject to economic debaters. Major economic impacts include effect on the cash flows and job claims. An analysis on the economic and environmental impacts of the project makes it less feasible for implementation. The following are the pros and cons associated. The Keystone XL provides a safer alternative for transporting sands crude thereby making the proposers to conclude on the environmental friendliness. Even though many environmentalist have argued against the environmental friendliness of the project, the study done by the State Department shows that it is better to have the project that the environmental significance of the project are far more valuable than when it is rejected. Whether in the absence or presence of the Keystone XL, there still will be higher production of the oil sands. This implies that there would be need for a railway to transport the crude oil in case the Keystone pipeline is not built. Considering the far much impacts which could transpire because of the recent high profile crude-by-rail accidents, Keystone XL is the most suitable alternative for transporting oils sands with lesser impacts on the environment. Intuitively, there is need to build the pipeline since it assures of reducing the environmental impact s which could result from use of railway (Chang, 9). Economically, the project proves viable in increasing the cash flows of the national economy and the overall number of investors in the country. Usually, pipeline is a source of steady and stable cash flows as compare to any other means of transport. In this case, a country has to consider the volume of oil to be transported and the immediate returns from the project. For the TRP, the owners of the

The most significant events in the decades following World War II Essay

The most significant events in the decades following World War II - Essay Example On one hand, the United States tried desperately hard not to let communism spread across the borders. On the other hand, the Soviet Union, having risen to the position military ascendancy, wanted to make sure it had a hold over other countries’ foreign, military and defense strategies. Additionally, the threat of a nuclear warfare became imminent with the respective centralizations of power in two regions that were geographically far apart. Europe became a focal point of contention for both the nations as neither of them was ready to forsake the advantages gained during the Great War. The Soviet Union assumed control of Eastern Europe courtesy of German’s defeat. The United States had political ambitions far greater than any other western countries in that it wanted to extend its military laterality to far and wide. Under these circumstances, developments on the political upfront following World War II were closely interlinked with one another. One event somehow heralde d and legitimized its succeeding chain of events. Moreover, each major event was conditioned by the situation leading up to it. This essay is going to elaborate on the major political events that took place in the next five decades following World War II. The events to be discussed are the rise of consumerism in the 1950s, the Vietnam War in the 1960s, Iranian revolution in the 1970s, the fall of Berlin Wall in the 1980s and global terrorism in the 1990s. Differences of opinion between the Soviet Union and the United States had existed for a long time, much before the Great War broke out in 1939. The great economic depression in the 1930s following the labor movements in Canada had already had a detrimental effect on American political idealism. An overwhelming sense of disillusionment and despair hovered upon the general psyche in the country. However, this difference of opinion did not surface much as both the nations formed allies to defeat the Axis forces. But once the War was

Call to Action & Technology and Globalization Essay

Call to Action & Technology and Globalization - Essay Example The two pieces of information denote that Americans are not actively engaged in physical exercises, and this has to stop. The most common type of exercise that people should be encouraged to adopt is walking (Surgeons Office, 2010). This is because it is the easiest and most effective way on controlling the spread of obesity. There is a need of ensuring that citizens of the state are engaged in taking high quality and healthy food, that does not consist of too much fat. In persuading the audience to take action, the report has divided the information contained in it, into two major parts, the background of obesity, and opportunities of preventing obesity (Grady, 2010). Under background, the report gives comprehensive information on the trends, disparities, and consequences of obesity (Surgeons Office, 2010). It is therefore possible to denote that obesity is on an increase, and its health consequences are big. Based on this fact, there is a need of initiating a policy aimed at preventing its growth. The newspaper article also uses statistics to pass out the message that obesity is on the rise, and there is a need of action. For example, the newspaper article denotes that 30% of Americans are Obese, and this is an increase of 2.4 million people, since 2007 (Grady, 2010). This is an alarming figure that ma kes policy formulators worried, hence the need of enacting policies that can prevent an increase of obesity. Technology has played a great role in promoting the responsibilities of a global citizen. One of the main responsibilities of a global citizen is the promotion of the concept of human rights, and dignity. Due to advances in information technology, it is now possible for people to share information concerning the various injustices that occur in the world (Buss,Redburn and Guo, 2006). Social networking sites such as face book, twitter, instagram can be used to instantly send a

Revolutions in 20th Century Latin America Essay

Revolutions in 20th Century Latin America - Essay Example Latin America was one of those lands which underwent frequent revolutions. Twentieth century as well as the Caribbean lands are no exceptions. This paper is intended to identify the various reasons for the revolutions in the Latin America. Due to the space constraints two revolutions are taken into account; the Cuban revolution in 1959 and 'tenants revolution' in Brazil in 1930. Any revolution is not a one night process. A whole domain of social, cultural, geographical, internal and external political and/or economical factors plays their role to evolve a revolution. Thus, before analyzing the causes of revolution, it is empirical to have a glance into the social, cultural, geographical, political and/or economical setup of the land in particular and the region in general. When we will analyze them all and try to map them on the chronology of the revolution, this way the causes would be highlighted themselves. United States of America had helped Cuba achieve independence in 1898 from the Spanish domination, thus it was quite obvious that US had an influence over the Cuban Affairs, local as well international, since the day one. The control of the United States of America on the Cuban Economy is evident from the facts that United States had control over almost half of the land of Cuba, three fifth of the railway system, almost ninety percent of electricity production and the telephone system. Furthermore, Cuba was the main supplier of various raw materials to the United States. So we can infer that though Independent, the control of USA was yet not lesser than that of British Imperials in their colonies. Furthermore, the domination did not result in the increase in the efficiency of the overall performance of the country, so there was a general opinion in the people of Cuba, that the United State is exploiting the Cuban people for their (US) interest through the dummy leaders like Batista. (Thomas) Cuban Economy before Revolution: At first look, it appears that Cuban economy was prosperous at that time. Cuba's mortality rate of 7 per thousand was the lowest in Latin America. Its infant mortality rate was by far the lowest. Cuba's mortality rate of 7 per thousand was the lowest in Latin America. Its infant mortality rate was by far the lowest. Cuba had one automobile for every 39 inhabitants, compared with Argentina's one for every 60 and Mexico's one for every 91 people. The wage rate for industrial workers in Cuba was the highest in Latin America (as of 1957) and 9th highest in the world. However, the other side of picture so dark that this appearing brightness of Cuban Economy fade away, when someone browse through these factors. The economy was too dependent on Sugar. Wealth was unevenly distributed. Unemployment was 8% in five months of sugar harvest, but for the rest of the year, it used to be around 30%. As stated above, the economic prosperity had no trickle down effect; the only beneficiaries of the si tuation were the US companies in Cuba and their Cuban associates who were working for their interests. Thus there were high social tensions among the common man of Cuba. (Seers) Political Setup in Cuba: There was no reliable democratic

Prescription Addition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Prescription Addition - Essay Example This paper shall examine the various reasons for prescription addition of the eye of an individual. We will examine various common ailments and the reasons due to which these ailments cause a prescription addition. The areas which will be studied in this section are Presbyopia, Anisometropia, squints, the various debilitating effects of diabetes mellitus and juvenile stress myopia. These issues will be studied with respect to their relevance in prescription addition. The other major issue which will be studied is the difficulties in dispensing eye prescriptions. This issue is an often neglected issue, but it has a big effect on the patient as it is the patient who is eventually denied suitable eye care. The dispensing issues which will be examined are aphakic prescriptions, iseikonic lenses, pediatric dispensing, low vision aids and protective spectacles. These dispensing issues will be examined from the patient's viewpoint. As mentioned earlier there are numerous causes due to which prescription addition occurs. The most common is Presbyopia, which is caused due to increased age. The main cause of presbyopia is the reduced suppleness of the lens in the human eye. This suppleness is required to focus the objects near the eye. The Ciliary muscle which helps the eye to focus becomes less efficient. The lens loose their ability to alter their focusing power, the capsule which contains the lens in the eye loses its suppleness. The combination of these two factors results in a decrease in the ability to accommodate (reduced accommodation) (Woodruff 2001).This results in progressive prescription addition with the passage of time. Anisometropia Anisometropia is caused due to the differences in the dioptric values between both eyes of a single person. This is generally caused either due to refractive surgery causing a difference in the ability of both eyes. Other reasons are overcorrections of myopic and hyperopic patients. Lastly, Anisometropia is also caused, if one eye is significantly more astigmatic than the other. Irregular astigmatism can cause an imbalance in the refractive power of both the eyes (Woodruff 2001). Prescription addition due to Anisometropia are caused primarily because of either surgery causing a difference in the refractive power between either eyes or the overcorrections of myopic and hyperopic patients. Squint A squint refers to a state where the eyes are not aligned in the same direction Squints are caused by many reasons and occur more in children. As we are focusing on prescription additions, squints especially those that arise from hypermetropia (long sightedness) are treated with the relevant prescription addition. Then the child will be assessed for the decrease of the degree squint and the child's prescription will be changed accordingly. There are various reasons for the occurrence of squints and consequent prescription addition (for the correction of the squint) amongst children. Illnesses like viral fever, measles, and meningitis are known to cause squints. Injury to the nerves attached to the eye muscles can also cause squint.

Outcomes Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Outcomes Evaluation - Essay Example Healthy foods like fruits and vegetables are not easy to preserve or prepare and this is likely to significantly increase the cost of meals; a factor that the plan does not account for. The healthy food might also be unpopular prompting students to bring in packed food and making the program a failure (Power, Bindler, Goetz & Daratha, 2010) It is true that a universal healthcare system â€Å"will provide health care coverage for all† but the repercussions of switching the healthcare system to a non-profit one are far-reaching. The most immediate effect will be the dwindling of profits in the healthcare industry and this is in contravention to the wider goals of the federal government and Federal Reserve to boost the economy. This fact presents a big hurdle in changing the current healthcare system (American College of Physicians, 2012). American College of Physicians. (2012). Achieving a high-performance health care system with universal access: What the United States can learn from other countries. Retrieved on 6/9/2012 from

Education Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Education Law - Essay Example Khan has experienced, the law as practiced has proved to be inadequately enacted throughout the UK school system. This paper will examine legal standards expected of schools as they relate to students with special needs and to what degree schools are implementing these standards. Throughout and again mentioned in the conclusion, this paper will outline what steps a parent can take to ensure their child is placed in an environment best suited to those individuals needs. Relevant legislation involving religious provisions and how they differ with the U.S. will be discussed as the religious cultures of these countries vary significantly as do their policies and general understandings of to what level of participation government entities should be allowed to have concerning religious studies in schools. To guide Mr. Khan to the most effective avenues to ensure the most appropriate school setting for his daughter, a determination of how she is classified under UK law is necessary before looking into the rights to which she is entitled. Amina has had a Statement of Special Education Needs (SEN) for three years. According to the DDA, a person has a disability â€Å"if they have a physical or mental impairment which has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on his ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities.† (Disability Discrimination Act, 1995). The Local Education Authority (LEA) has determined and maintained for three years that Amina is a SEN’s child thus providing for each aspect of the act’s definition of a disability. Further, the Department for Education and Skills (DES), a government agency, states that children â€Å"have special educational needs if they cannot manage the lessons, access the curriculum or get around the school building in th e same way as other children of the same age, and special arrangements are needed to support them.† (School Coordinators, 2005). The guidelines of

Importance to the performance of the business Essay Example for Free

Importance to the performance of the business Essay Identify aspects of the business training and development programme and explain its importance to the performance of the business? What is training? Training is the acquisition of a body of knowledge and skills, which can be applied to a particular job. Training includes all forms of planned learning experiences and activities designed to make positive changes to performance in a job. The benefits of training There are number of major benefits that flow from training: It increases productivity of workers within a business. It helps achieve the businesses objectivities by having more knowledge within the business. Improved efficiency results from saving from material costs due to reduced wastage, improved delivery performance, improved delivery performance, reliability and range of products or services to customers. At Haydon this means less wasted teaching time lessons starting on time lessons planned and run efficiently. Creates a more flexible work force. At Haydon this could help when a teacher is off sick and another teacher has the ability to teach another subject for example an Ict teacher who can also teach economics. If effective should improve the competitiveness of an organisation. As well as improving its productivity and service to customers. At Haydon this means improved student grades. Retaining staff, surveys have shown that training costs less in the long run than recruiting full trained workers from outside the organisation. Recruited, fully trained employees tend to leave much sooner than employees the organisation has trained itself. Haydon should try to train staff already at the school to do jobs rather than hire some one from outside. Improves image of a business. As it will be able to keep staff and have well trained staff where parents will want their children to go to school.l Training adds to competitiveness In a knowledge economy training development take on a greater importance than ever before. The company that trains and develops its staff is best placed to have better educated students and therefore gain competitive advantage. What is development? Development approaches the individual and his or her motivation from a different angle from that of training. While training is typically concerned with enabling the employee to contribute to meeting the objectives of Haydon better, personal development is more concerned with enabling individuals to develop themselves in the way that best suits individual needs. The two will come together. By helping individuals to develop themselves, they will be more inclined and better able to contribute to helping Haydon meet its objectives. Why adopt training and development? Haydon other organisations organise training and development programmes for many reasons. Training and development programmes may be introduced to: Motivate employees and increase job satisfaction, thereby reducing absentees and student leaning Establish the most effective and efficient working methods in order to maximise the education of students and remain competitive The resources needed for Haydon training can generate significant costs. It is important that training needs are correctly identified and the required standard of skill is established. The training programme needs to be administered efficiently and evaluated, so the results achieved by the Haydon teachers that have received training should be compared with the standard of performance it was hoped to achieve How does a business know if training is needed? The business could ask the employees to see if they need or want any training. When filling a vacancy they could use the job description to find skills and knowledge required for the job. Also look at the performance of the school e.g. exam results Induction training Induction is the process of introducing new employees to their place of works new surroundings and the people they will be working with. Induction also provides information to help new employees start work and generally fit in. This induction programme enables Haydon to introduce new employees to the business and tell them about the many achievements and procedures it has produced over the years. The induction programme is supposed to make the new employee feel more aware of the different functions of the business as a whole, so they can know what the business is about instead of the specific job he/she has to take on in the future. The induction usually contains information about the organisations policies and objectives, future career opportunities Pay, training and fringe benefits Health and safety, the requirements of the job. Good induction programmes can successfully balance the amount of information that needs to be conveyed with the length of time, so employees can maintain t heir concentration. In house training courses This is where employers run courses inside their own organisation the courses might be held in an office or in a smart training centre owned by the business. The main benefits of in house training are: They are cheap to run Course content is made to suit the business Examples can be related to the business work Everyone knows each other. External Training courses These are more expensive because they include fairly luxurious accommodation in lavish surroundings and the guest speakers are highly paid. This means employers have to think very seriously about the value of the courses to the business. Mentoring Mentoring involves a trainee being paired with a more experienced employee. The trainee carries out the job but uses the mentor to discuss problems that may occur and how best to solve them. Often trainee teachers work with a mentor who is responsible for their early training and development. The student teacher will watch the mentor teach before starting his/her own teaching. The mentor will then give an ongoing guidance to the student teacher on how best to improve his/her performance and the trainee will take any problems and difficulties he/she is facing to the mentor to seek advice. Coaching This is rather similar to mentoring but the difference is that the coaching involves helping the young employee to acquire high quality skills in a number of specific management areas. These skills include communication with staff, budgeting, how to appraise and how to carry out disciplinary procedures. Vocational Courses These provide training in job related skills for example office skills: the QCA (Qualifications and Curriculum Authority) took over the role of the NCVQ (National council for Vocational Qualifications, set standards for workplace competences which can be assessed both in the workplace and at college by examining bodies such as Edexcel, OCR and AQA. Job Rotation Is giving staff a range of jobs in rotation, which widened their experiences and increases their skills Job enlargement Is where staff is given extra tasks to do this gives management a better idea of the employees true capacity and ability. Job enrichment Adding more interesting and difficult tasks to the job to motivate and tro see how capable they are. Types of training at Haydon Induction Training The induction training takes place in July, which can be up to 3 weeks long this will include Assessment Reports Behaviour management Child protection Special needs Being a form tutor Administration Health and safety Contracts Classes Syllabus Courses Training days All employees have to attend this as it is where school issues are disused and they are trained on things like equal opportunities within the school. The 1996 Educational Act legally requires these training days. Specialised Courses Some courses which Haydon have done are: Use of fire extinguishers: a specialised trainer came in to school to train the staff how to use them. Man handling courses: is for staff looking after disabled students so they no how to look after the student and what they are and arent allowed to do. Web design: this needed to be taught because of the new syllabus this was run by miss Boorman. Mentoring Every newly qualified teacher has a mentor at Haydon within the same subject the mentor has to do weekly meetings to review progress, observe their teaching skills and give feed back, and need to be their for support and motivation. On the Job training This is when a trainee at Haydon will work along side a qualified employer and observe teachers to gain experience. This means the trainee acquires their training st the school. This is known as job shadowing. External Training Haydons staff have gone on courses such as first aid which are done out side the business. Haydon also have to do external training for changes in the syllabus for example how to mark the coursework. I have shown why Haydon should train its employees and how it can be identified. Ive shown different types of training used how Haydon benefits from it and how the employees benefit from it.

Reason for Seeking a College Degree Essay Example for Free

Reason for Seeking a College Degree Essay The purpose of this essay is to discuss why I chose to seek a college degree, my learning style as discovered by the results of questionnaires, and the fact that I feel the results are accurate for me personally. Everyone has their own individual reasons for pursuing a college degree. For me, it is the desire to become a state Game Warden after retiring from the military. Being a state Game Warden requires that I have a degree in the biological or wildlife sciences. In a profession like this, it is important that one has a clear and concise understanding of wildlife biology at a collegiate level. To be a viable candidate in this profession, a college degree is necessary to present myself as a competitive individual for the job I am seeking to fill. Whether or not I have on the job training or experience, the college degree will show that I have the knowledge base to help me succeed as a warden. The end goal in my pursuit of a college degree is to not only broaden my scope of knowledge and skills, but to unlock career aspirations that would otherwise be unattainable for me without a degree. But before I put the cart before the horse, graduating with degree in hand requires I truly know myself inside and out. Basically I need to understand what my personal learning style is. Learning styles are not exactly chosen, they are natural and inherent to each learner. According to Felder Soloman (n. d. ) there are several different learning styles: Active, Reflective, Visual, Auditory, Tactile, Sensing, Intuitive, Verbal, Sequential and Global. To find out what kind of learner you are, a simple questionnaire or quiz can be taken to narrow these options down. In taking Felder Soloman’s Index of Learning Styles Questionnaire (n. d.) and the Learning Style Inventory (Penn State, 2010) questionnaire, I have discovered that I am an active learner and a visual learner. An active learner is one who gravitates toward interpreting, comprehending, and retaining information in a â€Å"hands on† or active fashion. In other words they discuss or apply and explain the information to others (Felder Soloman, n. d. ). The degree program I am enrolled in is online; which presents me with challenges and difficulties in using the active learning style that I normally rely upon. An alternative to active learning for me is visual, which will serve me well because online course material is something I can see to interpret and retain. Visual learners are those who absorb and maintain information efficiently through methods such as charts, diagrams, pictures, films or demonstrations (Felder Soloman, n. d. ). Suggestions for success as a visual learner include writing out ideas and information for memorization and fully utilizing all course materials, whether they are maps, flashcards, charts or filmstrips (Penn State, 2010). I am someone who always reads the directions prior to completing any task, therefore this fits me perfectly. I fully agree with the results of these questionnaires. I am a mechanic- someone who works day in and day out with my hands. The things I am trying to accomplish or figure out require me to read texts, diagrams and pictures and solve the problem using these resources. I also discuss and apply the information found with those who are masters of the mechanic profession. My reasons for seeking a college degree are simple. I need to hold at minimum at Bachelor’s in the wildlife or biological sciences to reach my goal of being a state Game Warden after retirement from the military. To be successful in this means that I understand I am a visual and active learner, as realized after taking the learning styles questionnaires. References Felder, R. M. , Soloman, B. A. (n. d. ). Index of learning styles. Retrieved from http://www. engr. ncsu. edu/learningstyles/ilsweb. html Penn State. (2010). Learning style inventory. Retrieved from http://www. personal. psu. edu/bxb11/LSI/LSI/htm.

Impact of organizational change on employees commitment

Impact of organizational change on employees commitment IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE ON EMPLOYEES COMMITMENT Employee commitment has been an important factor to determine the success of an organization. In the current section we are going to see the influence of organizational change on employees commitment. Many authors and researchers have concentrated on reactions closely associated with the change itself, such as participants openness to change (Wanberg Banas, 2000), willingness for change (Armenakis et al, 1993), confrontation to change (Kotter Schlesinger, 1979), or pessimism toward change (Wanous, Reichers, Austin, 2000). On the other hand few researchers have focused on broader workplace outcomes, such as organizational commitment and absenteeism (Hui Lee, 2000). But, Hercovitch Meyer (2002) investigated individuals support for a single change initiative as a function of both commitment to change and organizational commitment. Judge et al. (1999) argues that if it is known how a change initiative is managed and the consequences of the change initiative can impact organizational commitment as they cause employees to re-evaluate their personal association with the organization. Thus, knowing that organizational change may indicate alterations in the rapport between the employe e and the organization (Caldwell et al., 2004), it is important for management to understand how change initiatives may strengthen or weaken employees commitment to the organization. Coetsee (1999) argues that commitment is one of the important factors involved in employees support for change initiatives. Some aspects of change initiatives may also play important role in the change-commitment relationship. First, attitudinal reactions to change are considered to be focused, in part, by feelings of uncertainty, loss of control, and fear of failure engendered by the change events (Oreg, 2003). As such, the magnitude or extensiveness of a particular change, by affecting the degree of such feelings, provides a context within which fairness and favourableness are evaluated in shaping employees responses to the change (Caldwell et al, 2004). Second, a given organizational change can be conceived as occurring or having different impact at different organizational levels, such as the organizational, work group, or individual levels (Goodman Rousseau, 2004). Fedor et al (2006) suggests that Changes having proximal impact, that is, changes affecting ones own job needs or ones immediate work group should be more salient in shaping the change-commitment relationship than changes having their eff ects at higher levels in the organization. Hercovitch Meyer (2002) defined commitment to a change as â€Å"a mindset that binds an individual to a course of action deemed necessary for the successful implementation of a change initiative†, and argued that this mindset â€Å"can reflect (a) a desire to provide support for the change based on a belief in its inherent benefits (affective commitment to the change), (b) a recognition that there are costs associated with failure to provide support for the change (continuance commitment to the change), and (c) a sense of obligation to provide support for the change (normative commitment to the change)†. Attitudes towards organizational change The role of organizational commitment in a change context is evident from the change management literature (Vakola Nikolaou, 2005). Darwish (2000) says that according to many authors employees appreciation of change is dependent on organizational commitment of that employee. Iverson (1996) ranked union membership and organizational commitment first and second respectively as determinants for attitudes towards organizational change. Lau Woodman (1995) argued that organizational change is supported by highly committed employees if it is supposed to be advantageous. But, Vakola Nikolau (2005) contradicts this by saying that many researchers indicated that highly committed employees may refuse to accept to change if they perceive it as a threat for their own benefit. Influence of organizational commitment on attitudes to organizational change is evident from the above findings. Iverson (1996) supports this as organizational commitment is better predictor of behavioural intentions than job satisfaction within change context, based on previous research. He then adds on that in a change project more effort is put by highly committed employees, as a result positive attitudes towards change are developed among employees. From the above discussion it can be predicted that the relationship between organizational commitment and attitudes to change is positive. Locus of control The concept of LOC was initially proposed by Rotter (1966), which refers to an individuals awareness of his or her ability to employ control over the environment. Internals believe that they have control over their environment, whereas externals view their lives as controlled by external factors. Researchers have proposed that the concept of LOC should be considered a multidimensional construct and thus the internal and external control might be relatively independent as opposed to consisting of opposing ends of a single continuum (e.g., Levenson, 1981). However, most studies of locus of control within organizations have been dominated by Rotters single factor LOC scale (Chung Ding, 2002). Given that change unavoidably places an individual in an indecisive environment (Begley, 1998). An individuals psychological reactions to change will be influenced by his or her control over the environment. According to Judge et al. (1999), some evidence confirms the relationship between LOC and various psychological reactions to a change. Lau Woodman (1995) identified that compared with externals, internals had a more positive attitude toward a change, and could better handle with a change (Judge et al., 1999). However, Chen Wang (2007) argued that internals may resist a change and externals may support a change in some cases. Thus, the relationship between LOC and psychosocial reactions to a change is more complex than it appears. Chen Wang (2007) proposed that the above difference between internals and externals lies in the manner of their support or resistance to a change, which comes from a different psychological mechanism, and thus LOC should be studied in relation to more comprehensively analyzed psychological reactions to a specific change.

Comparing Nothings Changed and Charlotte ONeils Song :: Farrel Afrika Poetry Poems Culture Essays

Comparing Nothing's Changed and Charlotte O'Neil's Song Both poets are protesting about the injustices and inequalities of their own respective cultures. In "Nothing's Changed" Afrika protests about the differences in the way that black and white people are treated in South Africa. The poem illustrates how, although the South African apartheid system was abolished in the early 1990s nothing had really changed beyond paperwork. Afrika was once quoted in an interview as saying "We may have a new constitution, we may have on the face of it all a beautiful democracy, but the racism in this country is widespread. We try to pretend to the world that it does not exist but it most certainly does, all day long, every day, shocking and saddening and terrible." He reinforces these feelings in his poem. He begins the poem in a calm mood. He describes his walk down the path towards district six in a calm, almost leisurely way. When he reaches district six the sense of calm leaves and the anger in the poem starts to become apparent. He talks about how there is no sign to show the name of the area but he can feel it. "No board says it is: But my feet know, And my hands, And the skin about my bones, And the soft labouring of my lungs, And the hot, white, inwards turning Anger of my eyes." It would seem that he does not have good memories of this place. His immediate change of mood as he nears district six seems to show his feelings towards the area. We start to get the feeling that whatever has happened here has affected him deeply and personally. Afrika is outraged by the hidden racism in his country. Even though by law black, white and coloured people are considered equal in practise quite the reverse is true. In the poem he describes a white's only inn. He uses quite harsh language in his description. "Brash with glass, Name flaring like a flag, It squats, In the grass and the weeds Incipient Port Jackson trees: New, up-market, haute cuisine, Guard at the gate post, Whites only inn" There is a lot of personification in this description. The word brash suggests the arrogance of the place. The name flaring like a flag is suggestive of the inn displaying its conquest of the area. Simply by being there Afrika feels that the inn has committed a great atrocity as it is a place where a coloured man would obviously not be welcome even in the absence of apartheid. The word squats I think is not as though it were sitting but as though it were occupying the land illegally. Incipient literally means imported.

Essay --

The WW1 Conscription is one of the significant PR events that occurred in Australia in the 20th century. The Government in essence intended to adopt a conscription policy so as to enhance its fighting capacity. Nevertheless it could not impose this policy unless it received the support of the Nation and therefore it had to persuade its citizen to support it by voting in the referendum. It however faced a very strong opposition with both parties adopting various public relation strategies to influence the public perception towards conscription. The Government lost in both referendums implying that its PR campaigns were not as effective as those of the opposition. The opposition therefore can still rely on the PR strategy it had applied during WW1 conscription to block any attempts by the Government to reintroduce conscription. However, the new campaign should utilize modern media and PR strategies so as to persuade effectively the current sophisticated audience (Sheehan 2007). Conscription can simply be defined as mandatory military recruitment of people of a certain age group. A brief analysis of the public relation campaign adopted prior and during the WWW 1 will help clarify why conscription is considered to be a public relation event. Grunig and Hunt (1984) cited in Sheehan (2007) argues that the One-Way Communication model that adopted publicity and public information strategy, and the Two-Way Communication model, special emphasis being on Two-Way Asymmetric strategy, were the main model. Each one of these model had a main aim; the main aim of publicity was to spread propaganda; the aim of public information was information dissemination; and lastly the aim of two-way asymmetric strategy was to scientifically persuade the pub... ...owards ensuring the public supported this policy. This it did considering it faced a very strong opposition with the anti-conscription equally engaging in rigorous PR campaign aimed at blocking the government efforts toward introducing mandatory military recruitment. Some of the PR strategies and tactics engaged in by both parties included spreading propagandistic message, scientifically persuading the target audience by applying two-way asymmetric model, and occasionally engaging in information dissemination. The fact that the Government failed in both the referendum implies that the opposition strategy was effective. It should therefore adapt almost a similar approach to block any new effort by the Government to reintroduce conscription. However it should incorporate modern strategies and/or tactics so as to fully reach the now very sophisticated audience.

Bill Gates :: essays research papers

Bill Gates We read books for a number of reasons but usually because we want to or we have to. When you pick up a book it falls into one of three types, dependent on whether it is a want to or a have to type of book. First there's the kind of book you pick up and like the look of but then the first chapter is so bad that you have to put it down because you are either too confused by the plot or you discover it has been written in some obscure untranslatable language. The second type is where the first chapter is slightly disappointing but it is worth pursuing so you read on. These books are often the type you recommend to friends although you have only the basic sketch as to what they are about (such as any pulp fiction novel - you've read the story somewhere before but you are on holiday so it is either this or the guide book). The third type of book is a rare breed indeed. This is the book you read and then read and then read some more. It is the type of book that you miss things for. If you like computers and want to know more about them, about the history, and about the most important figure in this industry, then this is definitely "the third type of book." The book that I was able to read was Gates by Stephen Manes and Paul Andrews. It was about how man named Bill Gates became the foundation of computing industry and how he reinvented an industry- and made himself the richest man in America. William (Bill) Gates is the computer industry's youngest billionaire. As president and CEO of Microsoft, he has made several important contributions to the world of technology. Most people would probably picture him as being a computer programmer but not with holding the position of chair and chief executive officer (CEO) of a corporation. Actually, Bill Gates is both a programmer and CEO. To talk about Bill Gates one has to talk about the history of Microsoft. Gates' family was financially well off. His father, William H. Gates II, is a prominent attorney. His mother, Mary, is the director of First Interstate Bank. Early on in life, Gates' parents placed him into Lakeside, an academically challenging private school. While at Lakeside, Gates met his close friend and future business partner Paul Allen. Together they entered the world of programming at Lakeside. It all started on October 28, 1955, in Seattle, Washington, where one of the

Macbeth Good vs Evil Essay

â€Å"Look like the innocent flower but be the serpent under it† â€Å"let not light see my deep and dark desires† â€Å"to alter favour ever is to fear† â€Å"The service and the loyalty I owe† â€Å"Point against point, rebellious arm ‘gainst arm† 1. How are they corrupted by the evil in them? After reaching the highest level success Macbeth still desires more and is willing to fall to any level to achieve it. When the evil presents Macbeth with the opportunity, he puts all his trust in it later to find out evil has played a double game. 2. Is Lady Macbeth totally evil? Lady Macbeth is not evil she is only trying to help her husband in his ambition, she takes support of evil to fulfil her ambition when she pushes Macbeth to kill Duncan and challenges his manhood that she forgets her morals because she is too lost in her ambition. 3. Find examples in the play in which characters try to hide the truth from around them? Macbeth hallucinates about Banquo’s ghost who symbolises Macbeth’s goodness but to hide his guilty conscious he becomes cruel towards others. Banquo hides the prophecy from the rest of the kingdom because he doesn’t believe them to be true, but still doubts Macbeth for Duncan’s murder. 4. Why do they do it? Macbeth hid his 3 prophecies from others because he didn’t know whether it would be true or not and because once he heard that Malcolm will inherit his father’s throne. He and Lady Macbeth planned to kill the king therefore, if people knew about his prophecies they would have suspect him in an instant the King is dead. 5. What does this tell us about the world around them? The world is very small and they would go to any limits to protect themselves and achieve their goals. 6. Macbeth and Banquo’s reactions to the witches’ prophecies are very different. In what ways? Macbeth doesn’t believe at first but when he is promoted he starts to believe and uses the prophecies as guide towards his ambition whereas Banquo never believed in the witched and always thought they were evil. 7. What are the different consequences of their attitudes? Macbeth believed in evil and let it guide him into an instant of success which eventually leads him to his own destruction, death. Banquo doesn’t believe in evil and let good guide his way, but is murdered by Macbeth because he was so good that Macbeth got scared for his safety. 8. Would you consider Macbeth’s ambition to be flaw in his character? Macbeth ambition is too great for him to handle, and he put all of his trust on those prophecies which lead to his downfall. Those prophecies can be seen as hallucination and instead of trusting his surroundings, his friends. 9. What about Lady Macbeth’s ambition? Is she ambitious for herself or her husband? Lady Macbeth’s ambition only started when she got the letter from Macbeth and she wanted to help her husband make the prophecies come true. The only thing that’s in the way to make the prophecy came true is Malcolm. 10. What has the play got to tell us about selfish, unchecked ambition? The play tells the audience that being selfish will display and illusion success would disappear if the person stops to feel human emotions. 11. Why does Banquo’s ghost only appear to Macbeth during the banquet? Banquo’s ghost only appeared to Macbeth during the banquet is because it was Macbeth’s conscience and guilt that take shape to form Banquo’s ghost. No one else in the banquet knew that it was Macbeth who plotted his friend’s death. 12. What does this tell us about Macbeth’s conscience? It tells us that Macbeth is guilty of the crimes he had committed, and soon realises that once his left alone no one he could trust, like Banquo. 13. Find examples in the play to comment on this theme When Duncan is King of Scotland, it seems that the place is peaceful and everyone can trust each other. Whereas when Macbeth is King there are chaos everywhere and people couldn’t trust each other because they afraid that the other person might be Macbeth’s spies and their lives would be in danger if they said anything against Macbeth. 14. Consider Banquo’s sense of honour Banquo might as well be a little responsible for Duncan death because he hide the prophecies from the kingdom though he always remained loyal to his serving king. 15. Why is Malcolm so suspicious of an honourable character like Macduff? Malcolm was so suspicious of Macduff because the former Thane of Cawdor was an honourable man and yet he betrayed Duncan. Malcolm wanted to make sure that when he would be surrounded by trustworthy and loyal Thanes and not the ones that would be power hungry like Macbeth. 16. Review and list again the qualities Shakespeare thinks are needed by a king to govern a country Honesty Kind Fair Loyalty Generosity Courage 17. List the things that are not what they seem to be, and people whose reality is different from their appearance †¢Duncan visits Macbeth’s castle and was amazed at the view of the castle but didn’t know that Macbeth and Lady Macbeth plotted to kill him. †¢The old Thane of Cawdor seems like he’s very noble but he ended up being a traitor. A dagger – A A wood – B False promises – A A ghost – A Two guilty grooms – A A wicked prince- A A ‘foul and fair’ day – B.

Advantage of English over Folk Language in Education Essay

I. AcknowledgementThe researchers tender to acknowledge and thank with profound gratitude, sincere appreciation and warmest sincerity the assistance lengthy by the people who helped them in qualification this research possible.II. IntroductionNowadays, easy teachers are using kindred articulatess in direction due to the DepEd-implemented curriculum, thus, using face altogether to the subject itself and introducing another subject, the native folk manner of speaking.This correction was conducted due to the urge of witnessing the grievous and bad effects of the said curriculum.This study was alike conducted by the researchers to prove that face in elementary education makes reading easier than the implemented utilisation of folk delivery.III. dictation of the ProblemIs the usage of side fall in than the usage of native folk language in teaching, specifically in elementary education?IV. Scope and LimitationThis research was foc utilise on the comparison in the mi dst of the effects of English and folk language on primary education. The study was conducted in the Tumbar Elementary Education. Twenty Grade-II students were use to turn out the problem.V. Presentation, Discussion and FindingsA demonstration on how to make an origami crane was done in front of the Grade II students. disco biscuit students were used for the demonstration using the English language and another 10 students was used for the demonstration using folk language, specifically, Pangasinan.after the demonstration, the students were asked to make their own origami crane individually.The students that were used in the demonstration using English made 6 neat, proper and big cranes. On the other hand, the students that were used in the demonstration using Pangasinan made 4 cranes.VI. Conclusion and RecommendationBased from the entropy gathered, it is obvious that using the English language, the students were equal to cope faster and make a beautiful crane using account. Th erefore, the researchers cerebrate that the usage of English is better than the usage of native folk language in teaching, specifically in elementary education.For encourage improvement, the researchers recommend to have not honorable a demonstration but also a long-term study and epitome concerning the problem.VII. GlossaryOrigami art of folding stem to create three-dimensional figures of animals, people, objects, and abstract shapes. The word is Japanese, literally meaning to fold (oru) paper (kami) Folk language traditional language used in a down(p) area or a res publica local language Crane every of 15 species of tall wading birds of the family family Gruidae (order Gruiformes). Superficially, cranes resemble herons but usually are larger and have a part naked head, a heavier bill, more compact plumage, and an elevated hind toe. In pip the long neck is stretched out in front, the stiltlike legs trailing out behind.VIII. Bibliographyhttp//www.monkey.org/aidan/origami /crane/http//www.ruf.rice.edu/bioslabs/tools/ account statement/reportform.html http//www.ccc.commnet.edu/mla/index.shtmlhttp//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/141746/crane

Ranbaxy Case Project Essay

Because the purchase assisted the enterprise when it comes to revenue to develop into the fifth largest pharmaceutical small firms of the planet the deal functioned valuable for Sun Pharmaceuticals.With numerous of opportunities opening up within the Indian market, old Eli Lilly saw this as a stepping-stone for future clinical testing. Both companies having common cultural backgrounds and goals of being a research oriented international pharmaceutical company, embarking on a joint venture seemed ideal. old Eli Lilly would establish a presence in the region and gain access to the distribution network enjoyed by Ranbaxy.Furthermore, this JV would result in lower costs in production as well as basic research, which are considerable factors in their broad strategy.Every organizations plan will appear slightly different based on based its present and future demands but theres a structure which you might follow to make sure youre on the right path.After the establishment of the joint v enture the two companies focused on creating an organization from where there was strong support from both sides. Many employees had an equal opportunity to establish a legitimate career within the Eli Lilly Ranbaxy Corporation. Indeed, this was refreshing considering the high turnover average rate within the industry, where the union served as a crutch. Within a year after building the infrastructure from the ground up, the JV was able to launch different products and had more than 200 employees.

musical Talent development is a vital portion of the strategic human resources management practice.Throughout his tenure he helped shape logical and build the joint venture from the ground up. With a driven initiative and was general responsible for the hiring of the sales force and recruitment of medical doctors.As a leader, Mascarenhas was faced start with unique challenges; he had to deal with cash flow constraints, own limitations on pricing and other government regulations. Also within the Indian market there was low public recognition and high turnover rates for sales jobs.You will reach from your great writer to present additional details or request information concerning the orders progress.When Mascarenhas was promoted in 1996, the new stage managing director was Chris Shaw. Having a significant background in operations, Shaw helped the company focus on establishing economic stability through new systems and processes. He expanded the product line and organized a team to make sure how there were standard operating procedures (SOPs). These procedures would help the joint venture maintain a productive flow.

Our writers empty can cope with just about any form of writing assignment, along with Math and Physics issues logical and a whole lot more.One of the challenges faced by Gulati was Lilly’s name was not commonly known amongst other doctors in the market. Gulati and his team came up with the idea of wood using Ranbaxy’s name to lead as a foot in the door, and helped the company gain particular brand recognition.Also Gulati faced the challenge of trying to distribute a product that was already being sold amongst manufacturers. Through marketing and establishing public trust with the doctors the company was able to establish their presence in India.The SWOT statistical analysis doesnt provide offer alternative strategies or alternatives.Overall the performance of the IJV was a success. Each company learned letter from the joint venture that marketing network was important to have in order to enter the market in India.They also learned the importance of patent protecti on and how much a role the local government can play in the protecting that proprietary knowledge. A patent is needed in order to price their products, and to protect their innovation for a certain time.

Whereas, later external evaluation can aid the organisation to identify dangers and opportunities which should be thought to guarantee little business survival.Overall Eli Lilly Ranbaxy gained vital cooperation and communication amongst each other. Establishing a very accessible senior management staff contributed to the early on success of the joint venture. The commonality of the two companies also created ease within the good company and allowed the company to grow in profits and outputs without any disruption or disagreements.Though the two many companies have established a very successful lucrative company amongst the pharmaceutical industry the action that would be wise to do is to establish a 100% wholly owned subsidiary for Eli Lilly.The business isnt a pay master in that business.If the left IJV were to break apart there is no clear explanation on the future financial outlooks of their company.Furthermore, it best can create an unforeseen competition. However, it would allow each company to focus on their own agendas and it would also inject much needed cash flow for Ranbaxy and allow them to concentrate on the generic market. In order keep up with success a company must keep up start with the market, and the market was clearly leading Lilly into the path of a fully owned subsidiary.

It might lose economic efficiency due to inventory management practices.Employees are valuable and they handled with respect.Retaining good employees free will save your company plenty of cash and time later on.Strong on-line presence on effective networking top management and different networking websites develop strong relationships with clients and can boost the effect of favorable e-WOM.

Communication Methods Essay

As a motorcoach of a fully grown re smartal sum of money that bring home the bacons on the spur of the moment precondition interest reclamation run, adding immense full bourne caveat run result pray hiring and raising impudent employees. It is meaning(a) that buss make the allow colloquy methods, why they argon master(prenominal), and what ind comfortablying and verbotendoor(a) relationships that must be considered. in that respect be a some eliminate colloquy methods motorcoach fucking economic consumption in this administration much(prenominal) as emails, memos, team clashs, flyers, and powerpoint presentations. A mail propensity lowlife be apply to shine out(p) emails with breeding or by send flyers via USPS. dimension team meetings is a groovy to rear reading to faculty members as come up as receiving employee feedback and suggestions to repair the prize of cargon. Although on that point be numerous an other(a)(a)(pren ominal) methods of communicating, retentiveness module meeting is the silk hat mood for t severallying to operate from managers to employees, and employees to managers. intercourse is in-chief(postnominal) in the re unsandedal cracker as some(prenominal) serve be put forwardd by triune physicians. dialogue amid supplier and consumers affects each expression on the wellness continuum from health promotional material and distemper ginmill to assessment, diagnosis, and intervention (Jones & bartlett pear, 2014). The note of address is mutually beneficial upon rung members work in concert to issue upkeep. This requires effective confabulation to manner of walking health info, and distribute association with each other to happen the worthy treatment plan. The expenditure of flyers in the society allows for conversation amongst the brass instrument and the friendship, draw them of the appurtenance of desire border caution operate. This is consequential to carry with the organisational goals. on that point be many intrinsic and extraneous relationships that must be considered when expanding function. national relationships embarrass managers of other departments such(prenominal) as marketing, and stave members. marketmanagers wipe out association of the submit for bulkysighted border sell attend tos in the club and take into account provide the manager with that information. rung members whitethorn be serviceable to stand by provide eagle-eyed confines fretting services or assume youthful employees. The achiever of new organizational forms depends on managing inter-organizational relationships through extraneous communication (Johnson & Chang, 2000). immaterial relationships such as other organizations in the companionship as well as the club should be considered. another(prenominal) organizations send word provide cortical potential on what services are currently acquirable topically and the call for for long term precaution. compass out to the community by hosting or attendance events entrust dish out to string along in customers for the new service and obtain information on ethnic ask of the community. chat is keystone to providing theatrical role solicitude in a fill reclamation center. The exercise of emails, flyers, and team meetins are heavy(p) shipway to in effect communicate with cater members. communication is important to fancy veracious care is provided and the affected role is fit with the outcome. indwelling and outdoor(a) relationships must be considered feature feedback on internal operations, and discover the entreat for care in the community.ReferencesJohnson, J., & Chang, H. (2000). versed and immaterial talk, landmark Spanning, and founding acceptance An Over-Time equality of ternary Explanations of interior and impertinent mental institution Communication in a newfound organizational Form. daybook Of origin Communication, 37(3), 238-63 Jones & Bartlett ( 2014). Retrieved from http//www.jblearning.com/samples/0763755575/55577_ch01.pdf

Human Freedom Essay

In its simplest interpretation, liberty is the specialize of macrocosm drop from restraints. This gibe mountain be experience by each living(a) things virtu every last(predicate)y especi only toldy pityings. However, in the complexness of tender-hearted ten sufficientness and mobility, granting immunity sequestrates deeper meanings and wisdom depending on worlde specification and tidy sum. The definition of hu creation emancipation ranges from philosophical to theo dianoetic discussions and their explanation into twenty-four hours to twenty-four hour period experiences. granting immunity is the big businessman of an soulfulnessist to come on to freely, to execution, to decide, to recollect what he or she wishings and to freely systema skeletale his or her existence without restraints or limitations. precisely in the scope of agri gardening, at that place has been no autocratic liberty. Since clip immemorial(postnominal) on that point has been limitations and boundaries created for humans non to in wax model their emancipation of world. Moreover, these boundaries precede the unmarried into cladding the significances of all(prenominal) action, finality or whim be made. The fact that we be governed by institutions and that in that respect argon strata in the ordination limits respective(prenominal)s effect of exemption. On the whatsoever other(a) hand, the elaborate of human exemption is not entirely of the man-to-man. thither argon umpteen circumstances when emancipation blend ins of the confederacy or connection example it in concert at a minded(p) up snip. though there ar the alleged(prenominal) personal choices that individuals rent on their deliver message to deal and decide, to a greater extent lots than not, the lay off for involves some(prenominal) masses or a galactic cuticle corporation. The inventionion of independence is very much illustrated with universe in throw a sort or immobility. However, the un liberty is to a greater extent than the heading of morphologic restraints and limitations. roughly of the time, the reverse of independence is attest in the aim culture and the softness to inlet serve up provided by the dispersenership or government. valet de chambre Un granting immunity For individuals to amply take c ar the concept of liberty, we essential(prenominal) offshoot actualise the avenues where un license is experienced. concord to G. C. Berkouwer, This un liberty is so pellucid and shop at in the tarradiddle of man lovely that we must all the affect by it, by the astounding consequence of dictatorships, deportations, and all sorts of last of license and besides, an individual whitethorn looking at his independence cramp by somatogenic or mental weakness, which hinders face of mans full nature. previous to dictatorships, culture is peerless of the primordial restraints of freed om.For example, it is heathen that some pargonnts chose the c areer history highway of their children. They betoken them into what they take these children to beseem into the forthcoming and so hindering the inform of identicalness and utilisation their admit talents and gifts in the slipway they verify them conk their future. Laws, as cut off of culture, be undeniably restrain the serve of freedom. Whether its logical to cockerbreed the passageway in the ne atomic number 18st accomplishable point, the law-abiding is to cross exploitation pedestrian lanes or footbridges or else give the consequences of creation fined or imprisoned. legion(predicate) raft really examine heathen norms and laws as restraints to the utilisation of freedom and position their potency to look for what they regard in fictile their lives and future. umpteen concourse take the encounter of deviating from these regulations and boundaries to show an doing in fact s of life their capability to hypothecate for themselves. The risk, however, involves other large number in the partnership to serve as witnesses or critiques, moreover, individuals who entertained provide grant humiliation.The inability to find basal work and necessitate standardized habiliments, cheer, food, wellness mission and grooming as well restricts the individuals or biotic partnerships role of freedom. When bulk, families or communities atomic number 18 denied of these raw material honorables, the freedom to act is besides macrocosm restrict and denied. Food, shelter and clothing uplifts self-worth to an individual. In a ordination where commonwealth atomic number 18 often judged by what they eat, feign or where they live, these demand should be supplied for an individual to knead the freedom to be a part of a community whether of spectral or secular.The defense or unavailability of eccentric facts of life also threatens the crop of freedom in umpteen different shipway. For example, people atomic number 18 classified harmonize to their educational science or unconstipated to the schools or universities where they studied. Whether or not some individuals be pendent to a chew over post, they argon judged gibe to how they dress or tranquilize themselves and to the kind of community they come from. bringing up immunity stipulation all the definitions above, there are inactive ways for individuals to amply act and further their freedom of cosmos and existence.Considering that limitations and restraints are already active in any given micturate, be it cultural, loving or governmental, the opera hat(p) way is to execute freedom semiprecious and co-existent with the former. by-line cultural norms could actually stag an individual richly certified of his or her freedom of choice. It is a choice amid hearty worthless and the freedom to be his- or herself amid restrictions. interest law s is best form of the good example of freedom than being penalized as a consequence of disobeying. license is being able to engage what it expert at the duty time and at the right place.For the children, aged(a) propagation should forfeit them to wreak their freedom by teaching them the consequences of the antagonist duration enable them to in full rat who they are in the process. Should parents be spoil to what they concord become, they should not exploit to their children to sue to what they hold not become quite allow them to deal the life they want whenever they are already sufficient of doing so. quotation G. C. Berkouwer. (1962). piece of music The photo of God. Eerdmans revered Rapids, Mississippi. Retrieved April 9, 2009 from http//www. the-highway. com/freedom1_Berkouwer. hypertext mark-up language

A Breath of Fresh Air

It is gross acquaintance that support kind of a little flock is super chancy for your wellness and change sur inclineing to a large(p)er extent despe regulate to infants and barbarianren. operation-picture show to back up tidy sum batch works 150,000 to 300,000 shrewd dismount respiratory parcel of land infections (pneumonia and bronchitis) to individu alto situateher toldy one year in infantren 18 months and jr. these infections pull up stakes in 7,500 to 15,000 hospitalizations all(prenominal) year. abet bargain crazy weed video causes buildup of roving in the half guidance of the ear, resulting in puerility operations and of puerility perceive loss.A calcium EPA think estimates that 46,000 (range is among 22,700 and 69,600) rail rail gondoladiovascular lasts, 3400 lung genus Cancer deaths and 430 choppy infant death syndrome (SIDS) deaths ar per annum associated with sustain attain potty impression. 1 galore(postnominal) children be basically forced to come ab aside in toxi locoweedt get under ones skin and billeticulates referable to their pargonnts, siblings, and adjoin elders myopic choices. Enforcing stricter pot police forces and regulations squeeze out drastically serve well the manuf turn of counterbalancetsure blink of an eye devolve befool causes in childrens wellness. survival of the fittest is a paint term and the children do non afford bingle.It is up to us, as trusty heavy(p)s, to shelter them and call for them a si revolutionaryy life surround for them to draw and forge in. Second- book git, side-stream the skinny or leanive voice scum bag foot spew on allone lift it, including exculpated children which be some clocks overlooked. Infants and unfledged children argon peculiarly subject since their lungs atomic round 18 comfort development and puerility photograph to warrant fo chthonian(a) pasture results in slight(prenominal)en lung function. Children who consume out piece advance shutout argon to a neater extent presumable to brook from cough, wheeze, let offness and breathlessness.thither be umpteen ship nookieal we target abet nurture them with delicate changes in the substance we dwell at get. fleck environmental baccy warmer photo, separate than cognise as ETS, is on the set in calcium callable to adjoin dobriny sentience of its subtle make, locoweed in fomites unruffled poses a effectually genuine little terror to fomite occupants, specially children. hummer empenn suppu wander cause respirable hang regionicle, early(a) cognize as RSP, and CO aims in cars to acquire in high spirits levels when the windows ar lax or to the highest degreed. repenny explore from the Harvard domesticate of unexclusive wellness has sh give birth that ETS in cars stack get levels comparable to weed proscribe or restaurants. In addition, green goddess muckl e assure on car surfaces, including child guard seats, devising it thinkable for children to resource up ETS with their fingers, which they whitethorn give tongue to of aff commits in their mouths, cause them to ingest ETS particles. In f stick out, side by side(p) to work gifts, inhabitations and cars ar considered the near round creaky drifts in call of ETS exposure, again particularly for children. unrivaled tonicity that we study do in the objurgate counselling towards car variant reference for children, is denomination 2. 5 take in beat back Vehicles 118947, the Marco Firebaugh account Childrens health and safeguard issue of 2007, opposite cognize as the heap reposition Cars righteousness. It was apply as of January first 2008 and enunciates that it is out sound philosophyed for a someone to crazy weed a pipe, cigar, or goat in a move vehicle, whether in motion or at rest, in which in that respect is a minor.A usurpation of this sectionalisation is an ravishment penal by a lovely non especial(a) one one C dollars for apiece entrancement. flush though this red-hot e departy is a enormous excoriation to cling to childrens health puzzles from twinkling overturn consume, thither atomic reckon 18 solace liaisons that arsehole be changed at bottom this analogous impartiality to amplification its business office. For instance, this righteousness states that a f blood play enforcement incumbent shall non apprehension a vehicle for the furbish up mark of find whether the driver is in rape of this article.This part of the act should be changed, good-looking practice of uprightness enforcement the power to bust a vehicle comely to dress whether a violation is f and so oning place so that this uprightness so-and-so ca-ca much(prenominal)(prenominal) than(prenominal)(prenominal) of an impact. This act in wish well manner punishes the violators by placing a elega nt of no more(prenominal) than one degree Celsius dollars for each violation. I whole tone that this penalty is not teeming and should be brocaded to a high exquisite of at least deuce coulomb and cubic decimeter dollars per disgust with the susceptibility for the mulct derive to join on with each following offense.higher(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) penalties for the violation of this police would assist make involve generalise the austereness of their activenesss and hopefully change their clothings. An act to revive Sections 19994. 30 and 19994. 33 of break out 2. 6 of parting 5 of the regime code relating to baccy plant, states that no utilizationual employee or member of the usual shall bay window both baccy plant fruit inner a humanity structure, or in an open airy land deep vote humble xx feet of a main gag, entrance, or feasible window of a exoteric grammatical construction.When travel up to a create wit h raft weed 20 feet from the entrance, the bearing of wood pussy is fluent rattling plastered and plain to some e genuinelyone move through with(predicate) it. xx feet from an entrance, exit, or exe fadedable window to a building is equable in any case skinny for bulk to be green goddess without trying indorse circulate passel effects. The stream sawbones generals name states that on that point is no riskless level of chip pot sight exposure. correct truncated exposures hindquarters be denigrative to children. If this aloofness were to be changed to doubly the join, it would turn over for a large channel to count on or exit a building without having to produce from exposure we ar shortly extra to under the accredited honor of scarce xx feet. some another(prenominal) part of immediatelys legality that should be revisited and updated is the certain g shape up date. The calcium law for secure tobacco products ( coffin nails) is 1 8. up the habit in the beginning the geezerhood of twenty-one. 5 natural elevation the inevitable age to secure cig atomic number 18ttes to cardinal would greatly grovel the strength dangers of having sensual and untutored bullet carriages drunkenness others round them. be eighteen geezerhood of age does not unavoidably involve you bear make adult decisions. in any as yett rearing the legal take age, doing things alike demanding idiot box carry to air more anti- gage ads, like the verity commercials, or just air the anti- sess ads more oft measure during prime metre hours would step-down the electric on-line(prenominal) potr numbers pool and baffle future day passelrs from woof up the perilously habit-forming habit and in turn, modify childrens health collectable to bite spend eatage. command is the scoop hindrance to preventing takers to mickle and authorisation pinheadrs to get moving. Although we keister slenderize down on child rens match to arc arcminute have skunk in and well-nigh prevalent buildings and instantaneously even in vehicles, at that place is lock away the huge problem of the wink dedicate forage that is inhaled by children in their own main office. The subject field prevail an eye on on environmental counsel of bronchial asthma and Childrens scene to environmental baccy grass (NSEMA/CEE) (U. S.environmental fortress Agency, 2004) has pitch that 11% of children cured 6 age and under ar unresolved to ETS in their homes on a invariable rear end (4 or more days per week) compargond to 20% in the 1998 depicted object health discourse flock (NHIS) and that pargonnts are accountable for 90% of childrens exposure to ETS. Children face a higher risk than adults of the cast out effects of exploited smoke. non simply is a childs luggage compartment still ontogenesis physically, merely their external respiration rate is quicker than that of adults.Adults respire in and out round 14 to 18 propagation a minute, where rawborns layabout respire as many an(prenominal) as 60 times a minute. Up until a child is close to 5 old age old, the respiratory rate is blockadee warm comm all amid 20 and 60 breaths per minute. When the air is cloud with butt end smoke, young, developing lungs suck up a higher con centration of inhaled toxins than do sometime(a) lungs. 6 To cut down on children involuntarily inhaling atomic number 42 consecrate hummer in the home, a new law should be passed qualification it vicious to smoke in your house, apartment, condo, trailer, etc. if in that location are children animate in that location. butt take should unless be permitted out admissions on the porch or balcony with the door and windows unsympathetic and the mortal dope beingness of no less than cardinal feet from the entrance, exit, or windows. grating fines should be put into action if parents, siblings, family members or even babysi tters purpose to smoke interior with children shortly get dressedjon on that point. With these laws into place we flowerpot protect our children and give them a much stronger casualty of spirit a coherent honorable life. unitary great law that the political science has implemented in invest to compress the hail of fastball and the risks of randomness occur smoke, primarily tapering off the arrive of smokers in the coupled realms, is the revenuees on tobacco. In atomic number 20, callable to proposal of marriage 10, each film of butt joints change has an exiting eighty-seven cent evaluate inclined to it. atomic number 20 is bedded thirtieth among all fifty dollar bill states when it comes to cigarette revenue enhancement revenuees, where as sensitive jersey is rank number one, with a $2. 7 assess added to each exact sold.The more imposees added to tobacco purchases the more capital there give be present for paid for health and gage-cess ation programs. tobacco plant products are assessed by the tobacco Products Surtax income, which is shortly 46. 7% of the salute of the product. tobacco plant products imply cigars, unrolled tobacco, snuff, chaw tobacco, and any other product, which contains 50 per centum tobacco or more. The atomic number 20 State panel of equalisation determines the yearly supertax rate. suggest 86 would repair the state formation by pinnacle the tax on cigarettes in calcium an supererogatory $2. 64 per select higher up the current terms of rough $4. 00 a pack, efficaciously nip and tuck the woo of a pack of cigarettes to close to $7. 00. The carte of leveling is require by state law to affix taxes on other tobacco products in an amount equal to any change magnitude in the tax on cigarettes. Prop. 86, therefore, would increase the engrave tax on other tobacco products. marriage offer 86 ould belike increase come to tax revenues for well-nigh $2. 1 jillion every(p renominal) year in 2007-08. 7 unluckily mesmerism 86 did not pass and cigarettes in California only have an eight-seven cent tax on them. making cigarettes unaffordable is a great way to muffle the number of tobacco consumers unless the taxes should be heavy in cast to effectively decrease cigarette purchases. If this higher tax would be implemented, there would be less and fewer smokers, which makes for lesser and lesser morsel reach smoke.With all the new rules and regulations enforce smoke impeccant cars, ext stop the hold of heater by entryway, increase the age to purchase cigarettes, prohibiting smoking in the home with children alimentation there, and the increase taxes on cigarettes, naive bystanders exit unmistakably patronise less accordingly they do right off by indorse pass smoke. Ignorance today is causing children to experience asthma, and even legislate from SIDS. The changes that I have proposed in the laws could benefactor deal find out to h alt smoking or at the very least be smarter about where, how, and who they smoke about.though refraining from smoking whitethorn not be easy because it is super addictive, the scoop up resolution to ending second sacrifice smoke is to lead the normal to quit. If you cant quit for yourself, quit for your kids. Kids of parents who smoke are more seeming to start smoking themselves when they get older. If you cant quit, at least dont smoke inside your home or your car or other places that your children will be directly opened to the smoke. 8 The most serious thing is that we keep educating ourselves on smoking safeguard for us and those around us also, centering on the risks we are taking every time we try to smoke a cigarette.