The Integral Humanism of Mahatma Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical Gan

The Integral Humanism of Mahatma ABSTRACT: Humanism as a theistic, pragmatic theory was first conceived around 2000 BCE in India. It is a this-worldly, human-centered, secular philosophical outlook. Gandhi understands religion as connoting the individual’s integrity and society’s solidarity. Free-will for him is freedom of the "rational self." Morality is not a matter of outward conformity, but of inward fulfillment. His integral humanism is indicated by his enumerated seven social sins: (1) politics without principles; (2) wealth without work; (3) commerce without morality; (4) knowledge without character; (5) pleasure without conscience; (6) science without morality; and (7) worship without sacrifice. The eleven vows recited in his à Ã… ¡rama prayer began with Truth and Non-Violence as foundational for the integration of moral, social, political and economic values. Non-Violence should be a creed rather than a policy. Gandhi’s Truth meant freedom of self-actualization for societal developmen t. He fulfilled these two principal themes of humanism in the civic function of religion and religious tolerance which aimed at evolving moral individuals in moral societies. "The twenty-first century should bring a synthesis of science and spirituality, socialism with human rights, social-change with nonviolence. And this is Gandhi." The Origin of Humanism Humanism as a philosophical and literary movement originated in Italy in the Second half of the 14th Century and diffused all over Europe. As an atheistic theory it was conceived in 17th century by French philosopher but as a theistic-pragmatic theory it was conceived indirectly around 200 B.C. at the time of Vedas and Upanisads in India. The Prayer "Sarvatra Sukhinah Santu Sarve San... ...ayer, and the cooperation he received from the people of all faiths, confirm his genuine tolerance. Gandhi's religion was not narrow sectarian. He did not want his house to be walled in on all sides and windows to be stuffed. He wanted the cultures of all lands to be blown about his house as freely as possible. Conclusion As a humanist, Gandhi worshipped God through the service of man and looked upon all human beings as but the manifestations of God Himself. His humanism meant his utter devotion to the human interest. "The nineteenth Century was marked by Industrial Revolution, the twentieth century was a century of nuclear holocaust and environmental degradation, the Twenty-first should bring a synthesis of Science and spirituality, Socialism with human rights, Social change with non-violence national sovereignty with world citizenship. And this is Gandhi".

Development and behavior in the environment Essay

Life is a changing process, from the moment of conception to the moment of death, and there are many complex processes of development that a human being experienced. People have the inherent ability to enlarge, to change and to develop in the entire way of living. People show an underlying continuity from one time of life to another. In other way, they change in one area with aspects of both continuousness and change is considered personality development. Human development is the scientific study of the quantitative and qualitative ways by which people change overtime. A procedure of becoming something distinct while insom respects are alike. Perhaps what is uniquely human is what we remain in an unending state of development. Life is always an incomplete business, and death is only a cessation. Human Behavior to the Environment According to Papalia (1992) people are not passive sponges, soaking up influences. They actively shape their own environment and they respond to the biotic and abiotic factors in their environment. In the development of all new behavior patterns, even where learning is an important factor, no amount of stimulation or practice will produce the behavior pattern until certain maturation has been reached. Therefore, it is not the behavior itself that matures, for behavior implies an interaction between the individuals and component in his environment. To study broader aspects of human behavior, it is important to consider the fact that heredity does not operate in void but that it is steadily limited and modified by environment. Theories and Concepts Jean Piaget: Cognitive Stage Theory The Swiss theoretician Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was the most prominent advocate of the organism perspective. Much of what we know about the way children is due to his creative inquiry. He built complex theories about cognitive development; changes in children thought processes that results in a growing ability to acquire and use knowledge about their world. Piaget believed that from infancy to adolescence, children advance through a predictable series of cognitive stages. Freud’ s Stages of Psychosocial Development Freud believed that personality is precise formed in the first few years of life, as children deal with conflicts between their biological, sexually related urges and the requirement of society. Freud saw that human personality is made up of three elements, which he called the id, the ego, and the superego. In these elements we will be convinced that humans are urge to do things in their own perspective depending on what kind of element they had adapted from the environment dominate them, this also answers the questions why each person is totally unique from the other. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) Behaviorism In 1906, Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov has discovered a basic form of learning called classical conditioning, also referred to as Pavlov’s conditioning theory, in which an organism comes to associate one stimulus with one another. Latest research integrate this theory that this basic process can account for how people form certain preferences and fears. Environment All the conditions in the world that influence behavior, growth, development is what we define as environment, it includes the internal (cells, tissues, organs and system of the body), and social ( the people around us both within our family ties, jobs, school and those that seems to give a big influence in our daily living). The interaction of heredity environment determine human traits and characteristics. Heredity determines how high level of development a given environment can bring about in a given period of time. Environment determines how effective a certain heredity can be in influencing development over a given period of time. The function of the environment is that it supplies the stimuli that set off patterns of response already prepared by maturation. It also provide situation which are conductive to the person’s learning new patterns of altering old ones. Applied knowledge We will be considering two infant who have different parents lets name them Angie and Charlene, both of their parents work outside the home at full time jobs. Angie’s parents are able to arrange their schedules so that one parent is at home when Angie and her sisters return to school, should the parents be delayed the children go to the neighbor which is a grandmotherly figure. Her parents do their best to give them quality time. Homework is taken seriously by Angie and her parents the reason why Angie at an early age realizes the value of good education. While on the other side Charlene’s parents like his father does not usually stays at home when he is not working, he can be found with friends at a local bar the same way with her mother who have no longer time in cooking their food and depend on fast food as a regular basis. She has difficulty concentrating in school, and spends a good deal of time with friends at a local bar, all of whom enjoy riding the bus downtown to go to the movies. Angie’s parents are giving her maximum support while Charlene is not experiencing the same amiable but firm urge that encourages Angie to move on and develop into capable young adult. In this scenario, I could conclude that attention and time is very important in up bringing a child both psychologically and emotionally. Addiction Everything that the mother takes in makes its way to the new life in her uterus. Drugs may cross the placenta, just as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water do. The use of drug addicting substances such as marijuana, nicotine, cocaine, caffeine and opiates. The use of marijuana by pregnant women could affect her infant’s nervous system and can lead to birth defects. Drugs and chemical agents cross the placenta affect the embryonic and fetal system. Dynamics of abuse and neglect Adults hurt and neglect children because of various causes including the characteristic of the abuser or neglecter, the victim the family, the community, and the larger culture. Almost of the abusers are not psychotic and do not have criminal personalities; but many are lonely, unhappy, depressed, angry, dissatisfied, isolated and under great stress, or they have health problems that impair their ability to raise their children. Conclusion Human development is not merely an increase in body weight and height of a human being rather it is the total influence of environment and heredity. The behavior of a person to the environment depends mainly on maturation of his mind and capability of the body to out stand adverse condition, from the start of conception of a mother the time the ovum is fertilized by the sperm cell of the father is the beginning of the development Environment participates seventy percent and thirty percent of heredity in the development of a person, many factors should always to be considered to produce a human that will be an asset to the society. Work Cited Forgas, J. P. , and G. H. Bower.(1997) â€Å"Moods Effects on Personality Perception Judgements. Journals of Personality and Social Psychology. New Jersey. Papalia, D. E. and Olds, S. W. (1992) Human Development (International Edition) USA: McGraw Hill, Inc. Snyder, W. and Ooms, T. (Editors) (1998) Empowering Families, Helping Adolescents. U. S. A. : Diane Publishing. Vander, J. W. , Crander, T. L. , Crandell, C. H. (2007) Human Development (8th Ed. ) USA: McGraw Hill, Inc. Zayas, L. H. , Rojas, M. ,and Malgady, R. (1998). Alcohol and drug use, and depression among Hispanic men in early adulthood. American Journal of Community Psychology.

Human resource management- Starbucks case study Essay

†¢Creates environment where each employee is encouraged to make the best possible contribution to the effective working of the organization. Starbucks staff are trained and motivated to create the ‘Starbucks experience’ for their customers by providing exceptional customer service †¢Promotes efficiency and increased productivity among workers through training, guidance and counseling. Starbucks offers a variety of rich training and development of their staff †¢Development of mutual respect, dignity and trust between management and workers through employee relation. †¢Enhance employee morale. †¢concerned with utilizing human resources optimally ORGANIZATIONAL †¢identify and recognize the role of HRM for overall organizational effectiveness †¢HRM should not be treated just as an end whereas; it is only a means to assist the company with its primary objectives. In short, HRM dept exists to serve the rest of the organization. The role of HRM should be more strategic in nature COMMUNITY †¢Needs of the community should be addressed in an ethical and socially responsible manner and care should be taken to minimize the negative impacts of any such demands upon the organization. Starbucks also has proclaimed their commitment to communities & environment through their mission statement, â€Å"Contribute positively to our communities and environment†. They achieve this by organizing community programs and events at least twice a year; these events facilitate donations of funds, contributions for noble causes, and also provide job opportunities. †¢As for their commitment to environment, they play an active role in instilling environmental responsibility among their employees. They also strive to use, buy and sell environmentally friendly products. Significance: Why has the disciple of HRM gained importance in recent times? This is because Organizations has realized the importance of contribution that people can make to an organization. It has in recent years been identified and recognized that human resource is the most valuable and powerful assets any organization can possess as its people are the most fundamental element in determining the scale of success of any organization to a great extent and also firms can gain competitive advantage. HRM helps to channel the needs and competencies to harness a lot of talent and capabilities and to make the best out of them. HRM should be aligned and integrated with the Business strategy to be successful. Impact of Human Resources on Organizational Performance Source: (Steven H. Bates, 2003) Starbucks has realized in their initial stage itself that People can contribute tremendously to the organization if HRM is administered wisely and strategically and also if they are well motivated and paid. The reasons why people management should be considered a vital element: †¢Service is delivered by people, HRM strategies ensures customer service is excellent, which in turn would lead to customer satisfaction †¢Less competent HRM leads to unsatisfactory customer service which will lead to poor performance and organizational efficiency †¢knowledge comes from the firm’s people and they should therefore be skilled and trained †¢well motivated staff is always more productive, enhancing the sales at Starbucks †¢Provides competitive advantage to firms. Services at Starbucks are known to stand out compared to other firms in the same field due to staff commitment to the brand. HRM can make a significant contribution to the competitive advantage of a firm if the firm is capable of tapping thier people’s exceptional skills and core Competencies. It is hence understood that by developing and maintaining competitive advantage, a company can be successful and remain profitable. HRM stakeholders: These are the groups affected by business practices †¢customers- expect exceptional service or/and better product †¢Employees- expect attractive job and sound compensation †¢shareholders- expect a return on money invested †¢Community- expects activities and projects that minimizes harmful effects to environment STARBUCKS – Company Profile Starbucks is the world’s largest coffeehouse company; Starbuck’s first store was opened in Seattle on March 30th 1971 by three partners. The firm believes in supplying and serving the best possible coffee. The name, ‘Starbucks’ was taken from the novel ‘Moby Dick’ (Starbucks, 2012). Major Achievements: †¢International Corporate Achievement Gold Medalist , 2005 †¢Great places to work’ Institute named Starbucks Top 10 Best Workplaces in the UK, 2007 †¢Awarded Most Ethical Company in Europe’ , 2009 †¢ Named twice as Mobile Marketer of the Year, 2010 & 2012 Leadership Style at Starbucks Adopted By Howard Schultz: â€Å"We are not in the coffee business, serving people; we are in the people business serving coffee.† –Howard Schultz, (former) CEO of Starbucks. * Transformational Leadership: This style is often considered to be one of the effective styles to adopt in business situations. This approach inspires, encourages and motivates people to perform their best and by leading as example. These leaders take initiatives to add value to the organization. * Schultz is also known to adopt ‘engaging employees’ approach. An engaged employee is completely involved, committed and enthusiastic about their work. Roles and Responsibilities 1. Strategic Partner: To align HRM strategies with business strategies. (Noe R. et al,2003) 2. Administrative Expert: To design and deliver efficient HRM practices and processes. 3. Employee Advocate: Involves commitment & contributions of the employees to be managed. Irrespective how skilled the workers may be, if they are detached or angry, they will not contribute their efforts to the firm’s success, nor will they stay long with the firm. 4. Change Agent: This requires HRM to help transform firms to meet the new competitive conditions. In today’s rapidly changing competitive world, constant change and capacity for change should be developed. (Noe R. et al, 2003) Shift of focus in HRM function: 1. Self-Service : Online access to information and transactions relating to HR for employees. 2. Outsourcing: The practice of outsourcing HR activities to specialist service providers. Reasons of the above two are: †¢to save money and efforts †¢to increase HR operations efficiency †¢spend more time on strategic functions and important business issues However, Outsourcing should be carefully considered as lack of understanding may arise regarding the capabilities of the outsourcing provider, Sometimes even failure in achieving goals and substandard delivery of services may occur. (T. Starner , 2005 .) Factors Affecting Starbucks HR practices HR practices are strongly affected by the Internal & External environment of Starbucks. Various Models of HRM: †¢Harvard Model †¢Michigan Model †¢Guest Model †¢Warwick Model There are various f HR models developed by scholars which fall either under the soft or hard perspective to HR. Below are two models that represent one hard and soft approach each 1. MICHIGAN/ MATCHING MODEL This model is the ‘hard’ approach to HRM where Human resources are matched with the jobs in the organization. This model suggests the HR should be treated just like any other resources by utilizing it to the maximum along with other resources to attain organizational goals. 2. HARVARD MODEL Harvard model emphasizes on the human element of HRM and employees are given importance just like any other resources and treated as assets rather than costs. This model is based on human relations and their outcomes are committed & motivated employee providing competitive advantage.

Black And White Women Of The Old

South Essay, Research Paper Minrose Gwin? s book, Black and White Women of the Old South, argues that history has jobs with objectivity. Her book brings to life interesting readings on the position of the adult females of the old South and movable bondage in historical American fiction and autobiography. Gwin? s chief statements discussed how the white adult females of the South in no manner wanted to expose any sort of compassion for a fellow adult female of African descent. Gwin described the sistership between black and white adult females as a violent connexion ( pg 4 ) . Not merely that, Gwin? s book discusses the thought that for most of the eighteenth and 19th century, a black adult female normally got subjected to supplanting of sexual and mental defeat of white adult females. Gwin discusses how these black adult females, because of the sexual and mental maltreatment, felt looked down on more by Whites and hence reduced to even a lower degree than that of white adult females? s position of being a a dult female. . A southern white female slave proprietor merely saw black adult females as another slave, or worse. White adult females needed to make this in order to maintain themselves from experiencing that they were of higher position than every one else except for their hubby. White adult females as, Gwin describes, ever proved that they had complete control and black adult females needed to bow to them. Gwin? s book discusses that the white male slave proprietors brought this onto the black adult females on the plantation. They would ravish black adult females, and so alternatively of the white adult females covering with their hubbies. They would travel after the black adult females merely since the married womans had no power over the hubbies, but they maintained entire control of the slaves, the white adult females would assail the black adult females and do their lives really diffucult. The white adult females would do certain that the black adult females understood that the white adult f emales wholly hated the black adult females for being raped and wanted merely hurting for the them. This is how the black adult females of that clip got the stereotypes of being really sexual existences and hated by there oppressors. You can see grounds of this when Gwin discussed the worlds of such hatred in the book Absalom, Absalom by William Faulkner. The chief character, Clytie, sexual assaults by her male maestro disturbances her because she doesn? t desire to be involved with him, but her female maestro feels that she should be punished for it. So the white female slave proprietor beats her and abuses her every bit much as possible. The transition goes on to demo how colza, gets Clytie labeled as a prostitute. The book discussed how one of the rule grounds as to how the white adult female or kept woman and the black adult females got along, depends on whether or non the slave adult females appeared to endanger the societal position of the adult females. When the white work forces tried to ravish the black adult females it made the white adult females socially look like nil more than a slave. This made the white adult females experience forced to turn out to the black adult females that power still remained in the white adult female? s corner regardless of the maestro? s sexual desires. The kept womans made certain that the slave adult females understood that they valued less than any white adult females, for the chief ground that the white adult female had true power every bit long as the chief wanted her. An illustration of this that I read would be when a white adult female externally expressed that she worried chiefly about her loss of power, non really about matrimony. Saphire, a ficti onal character that Gwin analyzes, says # 8230 ; chiefly concerned with her power # 8230 ; she views her hubbies fondnesss for a slave as an undercutting of her power over him in their relationship which. As the hubby himself describes every bit, what makes her the maestro and him the Miller. ( pg 133 ) The slave that caused this disquieted normally received many whippings and unneeded overworking of the slave. At the clip, this intervention was non unheard of and needed, the white slave proprietors used it as an illustration to demo all slaves that they were non deserving the air they breath except in the Fieldss. And even those who were non involved were treated as sub-human and found that life remained difficult for them. Gwin describes the black communications with their oppressors as a alternate female parent and her kids that demand counsel, looking after, and strong subject. The black adult females knew that no affair what she did she would acquire whippings from the white adult females and their kept womans, they took movable bondage to its boundaries in how the adult females treated the black adult females when they felt threatened. White adult females didn? T merely physical ly abuse the black adult female they besides mentally abused her. The slave adult females were associated with sex and loss of control, sexually implicative, and wild Negroes. ( pg 119 ) These derogative names were what most white adult females came to pigeonhole as being the definition of the mean black adult female. So they to had it difficult when they were being worked by the adult female of the house. Bing that the mere thought that if you were a black adult female your kept woman or lady of the house felt threatened by your presence, so they did at that place best to do certain the black adult females got to pall and to moo of self-pride to make anything. In are category we discussed how adult females, during the 1700? s A ; 1800? s, began to conflict with their functions in society. Our category observed how adult females? s lives began to alter during this clip period. The adult females of this clip period were raised to believe in a patriarcle system because it promised to protect, privilege, and subordinate them. We took note in our category room lectures that finally this system gave adult females a great sum of power being they had what their hubby wanted. This book gives good illustrations of what happened to this system and how it starts to alter from its manner. The slave adult females? s sexual relationship with the white hubbies had made it really hard for the adult females to hold the power they had in their places, and the system was non functioning them as it should, so the adult females made a alteration. This illustration of how the adult females had gone from a life style that they enjoyed to taking some duty over th eir life. The adult females had to get down do certain for herself that she still remained at her proper lady position no affair what her hubby does, and that is why they beat and made the lives of African adult females much harder. But more significantly you can see how the white adult females of the South were get downing to do the alterations needed to acquire what they needed from society, by utilizing their ain system that works the best for them. This shows the alteration from entire power to obtaining things on their ain. Because of these alterations in their life styles adult females found they needed change their individuality in order to maintain some sort of power. Gwin? s book goes on to speak about how the white adult female? s lifestyle alterations. And how they got straight involved in their lives, and get down looking out for themselves, being that the system of the hubby looking out for her began to vanish. The white adult females of the south felt threatened by wha t they felt could be a definite challenge to their power and they needed to get down to alter so that they could still be able to accomplish the ends that they need fulfilled in life. The southern adult females during this clip period were holding to go much independent and get down to acquire occupations and all become more active in the ways of working because the South could non stay the same with the release of the slaves. Womans had began to acquire occupations and work along side of her hubby, and get down to go more involved in the mundane ways of life. I think that Gwin? s book is a good illustration of what has and still is go oning to adult females. Their life style is ever altering. Gwin? s statement that life was neer a sistership between the inkinesss and white in the alleged American fiction and autobiography seems prove true. These adult females were really much different and the ethnocentrism in a white adult female keeps her from of all time acquiring past the dark tegument, and makes the white adult females experience more like the Africans were more of an animate being so an existent individual. The white adult females ever feels that the slave must understand that the adult male may rank higher than her but even if her hubby wants to mess around so mistake goes to the slave non the hubbies. And the slave will neer be to her degree, because the black slave will neer be a lady. And in the book you can see how the white adult females lost there power in the house and that their system of life that they received didn? t prove to work out any longer for them so they had to try to set to a manner life took would take them. I feel that Gwin argues that the chief ground for the confrontations for the battle of power became apparent in that it had gotten to indicate that certain black adult females would non allow their ain female proprietors hit them. This is an illustration of how non merely how the Whites adult females challenged the system, but besides how the slave adult females started to do alterations in how they willed to be treated. Bibliographic commendation Gwin, Minrose. Black And White Women Of The Old South. Knoxville: Tennessee Press, 1985.

This is a court of law, not a court of morals. Explain and evaluate Essay

This is a court of law, not a court of morals. Explain and evaluate this statement - Essay Example For philosophers like Plato there is a very close connection between law and morality as true justice is indispensable to human well-being. The field of ethics has often criticised legal arrangements and how the mechanical application of law provokes ethical and moral injustice.1 The discussion that follows will centre around and discuss the above mentioned conflicting themes in this area. Firstly it has to be seen whether the existence of unjust laws shows that law and morality are a gulf apart. Secondly whether the existence of laws that serve to defend basic fundamental rights like laws against murder, rape and defamation are a testimony to the compatibility of law and morality. Thirdly that the law only identifies offences and prescribes punishments for crimes and does not take into account the motives and morality behind a defendants actions no matter how noble they are. The fourth theme which is going to be tested in this regard is the internal or habit like nature of morality as opposed to law, as it is said to govern law without compulsion or fear of punishment. Fifthly whether morality can form the basis of making several laws illegal because they are immoral, no matter how procedurally valid they may seem. Last but not the least this essay explores whether the law can be a public expression of morality enshrining the basic principles of acceptable conduct wi th in a society.2 The statement in the question above comes from the very controversial case of Re A 3 (Children) (Conjoined Twins: Surgical Separation) where the parents of six week old Siamese twins, Mary and Jody,(M and J) appealed against a court order granting the NHS the authority to perform an optional surgical separation .The twin M had severe brain abnormalities, no lung tissue and no properly functioning heart and depended for her blood supply upon J which was her healthy ,normally

Case 5 Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

5 - Case Study Example The p-value can also be termed as the probability of obtaining the exact value for a model built around two hypotheses are neutral or null. The other one is the hypothesis under testing. In case the p-value is less than or equal to the threshold value previously set, one discards the neutral hypothesis and the test on the hypothesis is considered valid. The concept of p-value can be applied in several fields. In approach of Ronald Fisher, p-value is a key concept where uses it to measure the weight of the data alongside a specified hypothesis and as a standard to ignore data that does not have anything to do with any alternative hypothesis, which is instead a feature of the Neyman-Pearson approach. It should not be contracted with the significance level in the above approach defined by Neyman-Pearson approach. Essentially, the p-value does not in itself give support reasoning about the likelihoods of hypotheses, nor selecting among unlike hypotheses–it is just a measure of how possible the data have happened by coincident, supposing the null hypothesis is correct. Arithmetical hypothesis experiments making use of p-values are normally applied in many fields of science and social sciences, such as economics, criminal justice and criminology, psychology, biology, and sociology (Tai, Bee, and David 21). Regression is a degree of the relation among the average worth of one variable and conforming worth of the additional variables. In the other hand, coefficient is the numerical quality placed before and reproducing the variable in an algebraic. Regression can also be referred as the factor that measures some possessions. Regression scrutiny generates an equation to define the statistical interaction between one or more forecaster variables and the same reaction variable. The p-value for each term examines the null hypothesis that

Paranoid Personality Disorder Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Paranoid Personality Disorder - Research Paper Example This paper reviews eccentric personality disorders as well as PPD. It reflects upon the therapy used in treating PPD and a measurement device that is employed to diagnose it. The last part of the paper summarizes a research conducted on personality disorders. Personality disorders are still not understood in detail; ironically they are some of the most common mental illnesses that individuals are diagnosed with. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV) group personality disorders into three main groups: eccentric, dramatic and anxious. Cluster A encompasses eccentric personality disorders and include paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal. These three personality disorders have some common features amongst them. These symptoms are also often seen in schizophrenia. People with these disorders appear to be cold and eccentric. They start showing symptoms of eccentric personality disorders from early adulthood and when exposed to different situations such as work, home etc. People with schizoid personality disorders show little interest in social relationships and do not have a lot of expression. Moreover, they tend to be cold and indifferent to others. Schizotypal personality disorders are characterized by symptoms of not having close relationships, and supporting peculiar beliefs and flat emotions. PPD are discussed in detail in the following paragraphs. PPD are characteristic of individuals who are highly unsuspicious of other people. They tend to consider the actions of other people as threatening. The causes of PPD are not yet known; however it is believed that the PPD occur as a result of combination of psychological and biological elements. Studies have shown that PPD is more common in individuals who are genetically related to schizophrenic people. This genetic connection between schizophrenia and PPD is suggestive of some common cause. It has also been seen that physical and emotional traumatic